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INTRODUCTION: Dental trauma can lead to injuries in teeth and their supporting structures, which occurs most commonly in young patients and varies in severity from enamel fractures to avulsions. Root fractures are relatively uncommon among dental traumas, mostly affecting the permanent dentition. It has been reported that root fractures can undergo healing, whereas pulp necrosis can also occur. METHODS: In this report, we present a case of the utilization of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of possible cervical or internal resorption secondary to a mid-horizontal fracture in a 36-year-old male patient. The fractured teeth spontaneously healed and were diagnosed radiographically after 28 years. Initially, conventional radiographs showed fractured fragments with radiolucent lines. Because of possible invasive cervical resorption and doubt over internal resorption in the conventional images, it was decided to examine the teeth with cone-beam computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstructions. RESULTS: The images clearly showed the displaced fragments of the root fracture. Despite the appearance in the conventional radiograph, no evidence of cervical or internal resorption was detected in the teeth other than the healed root fracture. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that CBCT images should be obtained for root fractures, especially those in which cervical or internal resorption is suspected from routine conventional radiographs

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INTRODUCTION: Dental trauma can lead to injuries in teeth and their supporting structures, which occurs most commonly in young patients and varies in severity from enamel fractures to avulsions. Root fractures are relatively uncommon among dental traumas, mostly affecting the permanent dentition. It has been reported that root fractures can undergo healing, whereas pulp necrosis can also occur. METHODS: In this report, we present a case of the utilization of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of possible cervical or internal resorption secondary to a mid-horizontal fracture in a 36-year-old male patient. The fractured teeth spontaneously healed and were diagnosed radiographically after 28 years. Initially, conventional radiographs showed fractured fragments with radiolucent lines. Because of possible invasive cervical resorption and doubt over internal resorption in the conventional images, it was decided to examine the teeth with cone-beam computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstructions. RESULTS: The images clearly showed the displaced fragments of the root fracture. Despite the appearance in the conventional radiograph, no evidence of cervical or internal resorption was detected in the teeth other than the healed root fracture. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that CBCT images should be obtained for root fractures, especially those in which cervical or internal resorption is suspected from routine conventional radiographs

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BACKGROUND: Internal inflammatory root resorption is a rare condition in permanent teeth, which requires the presence of necrotic and infected pulp tissue within the coronal portion of the root canal system as well as inflamed pulp tissue apical to the resorptive defect. The aetiology of internal root resorption is not completely understandable, trauma and chronic pulpitis are considered the main risk factors. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a rare case of the multiple idiopathic resorption in the permanent maxillary and mandibular molars in a healthy 33-year-old female patient. In addition to clinical examination the patient was imaged using conventional radiography techniques and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).The patient had recurrent throbbing pain in her # 46. The radiographic examination including "panoramic radiography and CBCT" revealed that radiographic evidence of internal resorption in #37 #36 #35 #34 #33 #47 #46 #45 #44 #43 #16 #15 #14 #13 and also including in unerupted #17, #26, #27, #28 teeth. The definitive diagnosis was made with the histopathological examination of the extracted tooth. CONCLUSIONS: Internal root resorption is a rare clinical process that should be examined using different radiographic modalities. CBCT seems to be useful in evaluation of the lesions with superior diagnostic performance.

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To determine radiographically the prevalence of developmental dental anomalies in patients attending the Dental Faculty of Near East University of Cyprus. There are no previously reported dental records and epidemiologic data available for this population. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study based on the panoramic radiographs of 4672 patients aged 16 to 82 attended from January 2007 to February 2010 was performed. Informed consent forms were obtained that the panoramic radiographs can be used for scientific studies. Radiographs were studied in detail for the presence of possible dental anomalies with 8 examiners. International classification for diseases (ICD) codes was used for the selection and coding of dental anomalies. Differences in incidence rates of each dental anomaly by gender and age were analyzed by using the Pearson chi-square test (P?0.05). Results: Hypodontia was the most common anomaly (% 14,5). Fourth molar (% 2,2) and mesiodens (% 1) were detected only in a few radiographs. Conclusions: Although larger samples are required to effectively determine the complete description of dental anomalies, no dental anomalies were found to occur more commonly in this ethnic group, compared with previously published data, which may be considered to be specific to this population according to this preliminary study.

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KKTC, Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Diş hekimliği Fakültesi’ne başvuran hastalar arasında gelişimsel diş gelişim ve sürme bozukluklarının yaygınlığını radyografik olarak incelemektir. Bu popülasyon için bu konuda daha önce kaydedilmiş diş hekimliğine dair herhangi bir kayıt veya epidemiyolojik veri bulunmamaktadır. Gereç ve yöntem: Ocak 2007-Şubat 2010 tarihleri arasında yaşları 16-82 arasında değişen 4672 hastanın panoramik radyografileri retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Hastalardan kendilerine ait panoramik radyografilerin bilimsel çalışmalarda kullanılabileceğine dair bilgilendirilmiş onam formları alınmıştır. Radyografiler olası dental anomalilerin saptanabilmesi için 8 araştırmacı tarafından detaylı olarak taranmıştır. Dental anomalilerin seçimi ve kodlanmasında uluslararası hastalık sınıflandırması (ICD) kodları kullanılmıştır. Her bir dental anomalinin cinsiyet ve yaş açısından görünüm oranları Pearson ki-kare testi ile değerlendirilmiştir (P?0.05). Bulgular: Hipodonti (% 14,5) en yaygın gözlenen anomalidir. 4.molar % 2,2 ve mesiodens % 1 oranında olmak üzere daha az sayıda radyografide tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar: Her ne kadar dental anomalilerin yaygınlığının daha geniş kapsamlı değerlendirilmesi için popülasyonun daha büyük bir kısmının ileri çalışmalar ile taranması gerekli olsa da, bu öncü çalışmada daha önce çalışılmamış olan bu etnik popülasyonu, diğer popülasyonları inceleyen önceki çalışmalarda elde edilen verilerden ayıran ve bu popülasyona özgü yaygın olarak gözlenen herhangi bir dental anomaliye rastlanmamıştır.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate low-level laser therapy in cervical dentin hypersensitivity. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with a total of 64 teeth. Dentin desensitizer and diode laser were applied on the cervical dentin surfaces. Distilled water and placebo laser was used as the placebo groups. The irradiance used was 4 J/cm(2) per treatment site. The baseline measurement of hypersensitivity was made by using visual analog scale (VAS). Twenty-four hours and 7 days after the application of desensitizer, diode laser and placebo groups, a new VAS analysis was conducted for the patients' sensitivity level. The mean pain scores of placebo groups were significantly higher than the desensitizer's and diode laser's mean scores (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The VAS analysis revealed a significant decrease in dentin hypersensitivity in 7 days with the use of the desensitizer and low-level laser therapy and no statistically significant difference was observed between these two treatments (p > 0.05). Although low-level laser and glutaraldehyde containing desensitizer present distinct modes of action, experimental agents caused a significant reduction of dentin hypersensitivity without showing secondary effects, not irritating the pulp or causing pain, not discoloring or staining the teeth, and not irritating the soft tissues at least for a period of 1 week with no drawbacks regarding handling and/or ease of application. Low-level laser therapy and desensitizer application had displayed similar effectiveness in reducing moderate dentin hypersensitivity.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate radiographically the prevalence of developmental disturbances in tooth formation in patients admitting to the Dental Faculty of Near East University of Cyprus. There have been no previously reported dental records and epidemiologic data available for this population. A retrospective study based on the examination of panoramic radiographs of 4672 patients aged 16 to 82 years between January 2007 and February 2010 was performed. Codes of International Classification for Diseases (ICD) were used for the selection and coding of disturbances in tooth formation. Rates of observation of any anomaly with respect to gender, age and alpha-thalassemia were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test (p?0.05). Dilaceration was the most commonly observed anomaly (26%) in this study according to the category of tooth formation disorders among dental anomalies. Hypersementosis was detected in a smaller number of radiographs. Although larger samples are required to effectively determine the complete description of disturbances in tooth formation, no dental anomalies were more commonly found in this ethnic group, compared with previously published data, which may be considered to be specific to this population according to this preliminary study.

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Bu çalışmanın amacı, KKTC Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’ne başvuran hastalar arasında diş gelişim bozukluklarının yaygınlığını radyografik olarak incelemektir. Bu popülasyon için bu konuda daha önce kaydedilmiş diş hekimliğine dair herhangi bir kayıt veya epidemiyolojik veri bulunmamaktadır. Ocak 2007 ile Şubat 2010 tarihleri arasında yaşları 16-82 arasında değişen 4672 hastanın panoramik radyograflarının incelenmesi üzerine kurulu retrospektif bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Diş gelişim bozukluklarının seçimi ve kodlanmasında uluslararası hastalık sınıflandırması (ICD) kodları kullanılmıştır. Her bir dental anomalinin cinsiyet, yaş, alfa-talasemi açısından görünüm oranları Pearson kikare testi ile değerlendirilmiştir (p?0.05). Bu çalışmada dental anomalilerin diş gelişim bozuklukları kategorisi açısından dilaserasyon (%26) en yaygın gözlenen anomali olmuştur. Hipersementoz daha az sayıda radyografta tespit edilmiştir. Her ne kadar diş gelişim bozukluklarının yaygınlığının daha geniş kapsamlı de- ğerlendirilmesi için popülasyonun daha büyük bir kısmının ileri çalışmalar ile taranması gerekli olsa da, bu öncü çalışmada daha önce çalışılmamış olan bu etnik popülasyonu, diğer popülasyonları inceleyen önceki çalışmalarda elde edilen verilerden ayıran ve bu popülasyona özgü yaygın olarak gözlenen herhangi bir dental anomaliye rastlanmamıştır.

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Prevalence of abnormalities of size and form of teeth in Cypriote adult population in the Northern Cyprus area. Background: The aim of the present study was to determine radiographically the prevalence of developmental abnormalities of size and form of teeth in patients attending the Dental Faculty of Near East University of Cyprus and to evaluate the relationship between gender differences and these anomalies. There are no previously reported dental records and epidemiologic data available for this population. Methods: A retrospective study based on the panoramic radiographs of 4672 patients aged 16 to 82 attended from January 2007 to February 2010 was performed in this population. Radiographs were studied in detail for the presence of possible dental anomalies with 9 examiners. International classification for diseases (ICD) codes was used for the selection and coding of dental anomalies. Differences in incidence rates of each dental anomaly by gender and age were analyzed by using the Pearson chi-square test (P?0.05). Results: The more common anomalies were microdontia (% 18,7), taurodontism (% 17,1), and dens invaginatus (% 12,5). Macrodontia, were detected in a few radiographs (% 3,5). When the dental developmental anomalies where examined according to gender with the Pearson Chi-square test (p?0.05); it was found that there was no statistically significant differences between female and male patients regarding abnormalities of size and form. Conclusions: Although larger samples are required to effectively determine the complete description of abnormalities of size and form of teeth, no dental anomalies were found to occur more commonly in this ethnic group, compared with previously published data, which may be considered to be specific to this population according to this preliminary study

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Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, KKTC, Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Diş hekimliği Fakültesi’ne başvuran hastalar arasında dişlerde görülen geli- şimsel şekil ve boyut anomalilerinin yaygınlığını radyografik olarak incelemek ve anomaliler ve cinsiyet arasında herhangi bir korelasyon olup olmadığını değerlendirmektir. Bu popülasyon için bu konuda daha önce kaydedilmiş diş hekimliğine dair herhangi bir kayıt veya epidemiyolojik veri bulunmamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2007-Şubat 2010 tarihleri arasında yaşları 16-82 arasında değişen 4672 hastanın panoramik radyografileri retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Radyografiler olası şekil ve boyut anomalilerinin saptanabilmesi için 9 araştırmacı tarafından taranmıştır. Dental anomalilerin seçimi ve kodlanmasında uluslararası hastalık sınıflandırması (ICD) kodları kullanılmıştır. Her bir dental anomalinin cinsiyet ve yaş açısından görünüm oranları Pearson ki-kare testi ile değerlendirilmiştir (P?0.05). Bulgular: Bu popülasyonda mikrodonti (% 18,7), taurodontism (% 17,1), ve dens invaginatus (% 12,5) en yaygın gözlenen anomaliler arasındadır. Makrodonti daha az sayıda radyografide tespit edilmiştir (% 3,5). Şekil ve boyut anomalileri Pearson Ki-kare testi (p?0,05) ile cinsiyet açı- sından incelendiğinde; kadın ve erkek hastalar arasında istatistiksel olarak belirgin farklılığa rastlanmamıştır. Sonuçlar: Her ne kadar şekil ve boyut anomalilerinin yaygınlığının daha geniş kapsamlı de- ğerlendirilmesi için popülasyonun daha büyük bir kısmının ileri çalışmalar ile taranması gerekli olsa da, bu öncü çalışmada daha önce çalı- şılmamış olan bu etnik popülasyonu, diğer popülasyonları inceleyen önceki çalışmalarda elde edilen verilerden ayıran ve bu popülasyona özgü yaygın olarak gözlenen herhangi bir dental anomaliye rastlanmamıştır.

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This study determined the occurrence and location of the mental foramen (MF) and accessory mental foramen (AMF) in Turkish patients using cone-beam computed-tomography (CBCT) with 3D-imaging software. CBCT scans of 386 sites in 193 (92 male, 101 female) patients were retrospectively analyzed to determine MF and AMF occurrence, sizes, and locations. Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) data were transferred to surface-rendering software to generate 3D images. Distances between the MF and AMF and from both foramina to the alveolar ridge and to the closest tooth were measured. Differences in AMF incidence by sex, side, and location were evaluated using chi-squared tests, and MF and AMF measurements were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U-tests. AMFs were observed in 6.5% of patients and were most commonly in an anteroinferior location. Mean AMF size did not differ significantly by sex or side [males: horizontal = 1.5 mm (1.0-2.4 mm), vertical = 1.4 mm (0.8-2.4 mm); females: horizontal = 1.5 mm (0.8-3 mm), vertical = 1.3 mm (0.8-2.1 mm); P > 0.05]. Males showed significantly greater mean vertical and horizontal MF dimensions compared with females [males: horizontal = 3.9 mm (1.0-7.0 mm), vertical = 3.6 mm (1.2-7.0 mm); females: horizontal = 3.5 mm (1.3-5.6 mm), vertical = 3.3 mm (0.8-5.8 mm); P < 0.05]. Awareness of the AMF is important to avoid mental nerve damage during surgical intervention and anesthetic applications. CBCT is useful for AMF detection, distributes less ionizing radiation, and allows 3D imaging.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of periapical lesions in root canal-treated teeth in a Turkish Cypriote population and to investigate the influence of the quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations on the prevalence of periapical lesions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample for this cross-sectional study consisted of 1,006 adult patients seeking routine dental care. Patients who had received dental care in the last 2 years were excluded. Radiographs of 2,200 root canal-treated teeth were evaluated. The teeth were grouped according to the radiographic quality of the root canal filling and the coronal restoration. Periapical status was assessed using periapical index (PAI) scores. RESULTS: Of the 2,200 root canal-treated teeth, 1,364 (62%) had apical periodontitis as compared with 1,364 (5.5%) of the total sample. Root-filled teeth classified as adequately treated had apical periodontitis in 223 (26.6%) cases compared with 1,192 (87.7%) in teeth classified as inadequately root filled. PAI 1 scores of adequate root canal treatment were significantly higher than in inadequate root canal treatment, regardless of the quality or presence of coronal restorations (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed a high prevalence of periapical pathology with or without endodontic treatment and poor technical standard of both root fillings and coronal restorations of root-treated teeth. Hence, we suggest the need for better education for dental health providers so that they can perform better root canal treatments and coronal restorations.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical distance between apices of the palatine root of the maxillary first molars to the buccal bone plate to identify the vestibular surgical pathway in a Turkish adult population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. METHODS: CBCT scans of 107 (48 male and 59 female) patients were retrospectively analyzed. The overall mean age was 38.6 years. The distance between the vestibular cortex and vestibular side of the palatine root was measured for 192 maxillary first molars both on axial images parallel to the palatal plane and on reformatted cross-sectional images. A Pearson's chi square test and Mann-Whitney U-test were performed to evaluate differences among age, localization, and measurements. Differences were considered statistically significant at P<.05. RESULTS: The mean distance between the buccal cortex and the buccal side of the palatine root of the superior first molar in both male and female patients was 10.13 and 9.70 mm, respectively. The incidence of interposition of the lateral recess of the maxillary sinus between the roots was 42.2% and 49% in men and women, respectively. Statistically significant sex-related differences were found in the vestibular surgical pathway (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: For precise planning of endodontic surgery, it is crucial to determine the exact dimensions and location of the periapical lesion, as well as its relationship with the roots and other neighboring anatomical structures. CBCT can be a powerful tool for the evaluation of surgical cases in three dimensions with less ionizing radiation and better avoidance of complications during surgery.

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Objectives Microorganisms in untreated or overlooked root canals can cause endodontic failure or infection and inflammation. Therefore, clinicians should familiarize themselves with patient’s root canal anatomy and morphology. The objective of this retrospective study was to analyze and characterize mandibular root canal morphology using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Turkish Cypriot population. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study consisted of retrospective evaluation of CBCT scans from 272 adult patients (aged 16–80 years). The number of roots and canals and the canal configuration in each root were evaluated using Vertucci’s classification. The incidence of additional roots and of C-shaped canals in the mandibular first and second molars was also noted. Pearson chi-square tests were performed to analyze canal configurations, laterality, and gender (p ? 0.05). Results For the female and male patients, 94.5 and 94.4 % of the mandibular first and 96.7 and 97.2 % of the mandibular second molars had two roots, respectively. In females, 4.4 % of mandibular first molars had three roots versus 2.7 % of mandibular first molars in male patients. Type IV was the most prevalent canal configuration regardless of the gender (female 61.3 % and male 64.2 %) in the mesial roots. No statistically significant differences according to gender or laterality were found in the incidence of additional canals for either maxillary first or second molars. Conclusions Type IV was the most prevalent canal configuration of both the mandibular first and second molar teeth. There was a low prevalence of three-rooted mandibular molars in this particular population. Clinical relevance The current study is the first of its kind to include a Turkish Cypriot population and, thus, provides baseline data for these patients regarding appropriate root canal treatments.

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The aim of this retrospective study was to review, analyse and characterize the root canal morphology of maxillary molars, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), in a group of the Turkish Cypriot population. The sample for this cross-sectional study consisted of retrospective evaluation of CBCT scans of 290 adult patients (age range 16–80). The number of roots and their morphology, the number of canals per tooth and the root canal configurations were also classified according to the method of Vertucci. Pearson's chi-square test was performed for canal configurations, sides and gender (p < 0.05). Among the 373 first molars, there was no single-rooted specimen, 2 (0.53%) teeth had 2 roots, 365 (97.8%) teeth had 3 roots and 6 ones (1.6%) had 4 roots. Among the 438 second molars, 14 (3.1%) were single-rooted, 26 (5.9%) teeth had 2 roots, 392 (89.4%) teeth had 3 roots and 6 teeth (1.3%) had 4 roots. No sex difference was found in the frequency of additional canals both in the maxillary first and second molars. Occurrence of additional canals did not differ with age. These results provide detailed knowledge of the root canal anatomy of the maxillary molar teeth in this particular population, which is of clinical importance for dental professionals when performing endodontic treatment.

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OBJECTIVES: Because of economic and political issues, Turkish Cypriots have been emigrating from Cyprus since the 1920s, especially to the United Kingdom, other European countries and Australia. Recently, according to the UK House of Commons, Home Affairs Committee, ~ 300,000 Cypriot Turks were living in the United Kingdom. However, this ethnic population residing in the United Kingdom has been insufficiently analysed. Although many Turkish Cypriots have been living abroad, little is known about the dental characteristics of this group. Premolar teeth, especially maxillary premolars, pose great challenges in endodontic treatment because of the number of roots and canals, and the variation in the configurations of the pulp cavity. Thus, it was considered valuable to determine the morphological characteristic of premolar teeth in a Turkish Cypriot population to aid clinicians in performing endodontic treatment in this ethnic population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample for this cross-sectional study consisted of a retrospective evaluation of cone-beam CT scans of 263 adult patients (age range 16–80 years). The number of roots and their morphology, the number of canals per root and the canal configuration were examined. The root canal configurations were also classified according to the scheme of Vertucci in the maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth. Pearson’s ? 2 -test was performed among canal configurations, sides and gender (P?0.05). RESULTS: In the present study, most root canal configurations were type IV (76.8%) and type I (49.4%) in the maxillary first and second premolars, respectively, whereas most root canal configurations were type I (93%) in both mandibular first and second premolars. In total, four (0.9%) teeth in the maxillary first premolars and two (0.4%) teeth in the maxillary second molar premolars had three roots. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first population-based study to focus solely on Turkish Cypriots’ root canal anatomy. Our findings will be valuable for dental professionals who treat many Turkish Cypriot patients, in the United Kingdom, Australia and other countries.

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Like any other field of dentistry, a clinician may face unwanted situations during the root canal treatment which can affect the prognosis of endodontic therapy. Procedural errors during endodontic treatment make intracanal procedures complicated or impossible and they may lead to endodontic failures. This review covers causes, treatment options and prevention of procedural errors during root canal preparation.

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Diş Hekimliğinin diğer alanlarındakiyle benzer şekilde kök kanal tedavisi sırasında da hekimler, tedavi edilen dişlerin prognozunu etkileyebilecek istenmeyen işlemsel hatalarla karşı karşıya kalabilirler. Kök kanallarının şekillendirilmesi sırasında karşılaşılan işlemsel hatalar kanal içi prosedürlerin doğru bir şekilde yerine getirilmesini zorlaştırır veya imkansız hale getirerek endodontik tedavinin başarısını olumsuz yönde etkiler. Bu derleme, kök kanallarının şekillendirilmesi sırasında karşılaşılan işlemsel hataların nedenlerini, tedavi yaklaşımlarını ve önlemlerini kapsamaktadır.